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Antiintellectualism an Emphasis on Action and Rejection of Intellectual Pursuits and the Arts

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Hostility to and mistrust of education, philosophy, fine art, literature, and science

Anti-intellectualism contrasts the reedy scholar with the bovine boxer, the comparing epitomizes the populist view of reading and study as antithetical to sport and athleticism. Note the disproportionate heads and bodies, with the size of the head representing mental power and the size of the torso representing physical power. (Thomas Nast)

Anti-intellectualism is hostility to and mistrust of intellect, intellectuals, and intellectualism, usually expressed equally deprecation of educational activity and philosophy and the dismissal of fine art, literature, and scientific discipline equally impractical, politically motivated, and even contemptible man pursuits.[i] Anti-intellectuals present themselves and are perceived every bit champions of common folk—populists confronting political and academic elitism—and tend to come across educated people equally a status class that dominates political discourse and college education while being detached from the concerns of ordinary people.[one]

Totalitarian governments manipulate and apply anti-intellectualism to repress political dissent.[ii] During the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and the following dictatorship (1939–1975) of Full general Francisco Franco, the reactionary repression of the White Terror (1936–1945) was notably anti-intellectual, with nearly of the 200,000 civilians killed being the Spanish intelligentsia, the politically active teachers and academics, artists and writers of the deposed 2d Castilian Commonwealth (1931–1939).[3]

Ideological anti-intellectualism [edit]

The new rulers of Cambodia telephone call 1975 "Twelvemonth Zero", the dawn of an age in which there will be no families, no sentiment, no expressions of love or grief, no medicines, no hospitals, no schools, no books, no learning, no holidays, no music, no song, no mail, no coin – only work and death.

John Pilger, Twelvemonth Zero: The Silent Death of Kingdom of cambodia (1979)[four]

In the 20th century, societies systematically removed intellectuals from power, to expediently end public political dissent. During the Common cold War (1945–1991), the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1948–1990) ostracized the philosopher Václav Havel as a politically unreliable man unworthy of ordinary Czechs' trust; the post-communist Velvet Revolution (17 Nov – 29 December 1989) elected Havel president for 10 years.[5] Ideologically-extreme dictatorships who hateful to recreate a society such every bit the Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia (1975–1979) pre-emptively killed potential political opponents, particularly the educated middle-class and the intelligentsia. To realize the Twelvemonth Zero of Cambodian history, Khmer Rouge social technology restructured the economy by de-industrialization and assassinated not-communist Cambodians suspected of "involvement in free-market place activities" such every bit the urban professionals of gild (physicians, attorneys, engineers, et al.) and people with political connections to foreign governments. The doctrine of Pol Pot identified the farmers every bit the true proletariat of Kingdom of cambodia and the truthful representatives of the working class entitled to concord government power, hence the anti-intellectual purges.

In 1966, the anti-communist Argentine armed forces dictatorship of General Juan Carlos Onganía (1966–1970) intervened at the University of Buenos Aires with the Night of the Long Batons to physically dislodge politically dangerous academics from five university faculties. That expulsion to the exile of the academic intelligentsia became a national brain bleed upon the society and economic system of Argentina.[6] [7] In opposition to the military repression of free spoken language, biochemist César Milstein said ironically: "Our country would exist put in order, as soon as all the intellectuals who were meddling in the region were expelled."

However, anti-intellectualism is not e'er violent. Any social group can act anti-intellectually by discounting the humanist value to their guild of intellect, intellectualism, and higher education.[ citation needed ]

Academic anti-intellectualism [edit]

United States [edit]

In The Campus War (1971), the philosopher John Searle said,

[T]he two most salient traits of the radical movement are its anti-intellectualism and its hostility to the university equally an institution. ... Intellectuals, by definition, are people who take ideas seriously for their own sake. Whether or not a theory is true or false is important to them, independently of any practical applications information technology may take. [Intellectuals] take, equally Richard Hofstadter has pointed out, an attitude to ideas that is at in one case playful and pious. Merely, in the radical movement, the intellectual platonic of knowledge for its own sake is rejected. Cognition is seen every bit valuable only as a basis for action, and information technology is non fifty-fifty very valuable there. Far more important than what ane knows is how one feels.[eight]

In Social Sciences as Sorcery (1972), the sociologist Stanislav Andreski brash laymen to distrust the intellectuals' appeals to authority when they make questionable claims about resolving the bug of their society: "Do non be impressed by the imprint of a famous publishing business firm, or the volume of an author'due south publications. ... Recollect that the publishers want to go along the printing presses busy, and do not object to nonsense if it tin can be sold."[9]

In Science and Relativism: Some Central Controversies in the Philosophy of Scientific discipline (1990), the epistemologist Larry Laudan said that the prevailing blazon of philosophy taught at universities in the U.Southward. (Postmodernism and Poststructuralism) is anti-intellectual, considering "the deportation of the idea that facts and evidence matter, by the thought that everything boils down to subjective interests and perspectives is—2d merely to American political campaigns—the most prominent and pernicious manifestation of anti-intellectualism in our time."[10]

Anti-intellectuals in the The states are disproportionately Republican.[eleven]

Distrust of intellectuals [edit]

In the U.Due south., the American conservative[12] economist Thomas Sowell argued for distinctions between unreasonable and reasonable wariness of intellectuals in their influence upon the institutions of a society. In defining intellectuals as "people whose occupations deal primarily with ideas", they are different from people whose work is the applied application of ideas. That crusade for layman mistrust lies in the intellectuals' incompetence outside their fields of expertise. Although having great working knowledge in their specialist fields, when compared to other professions and occupations, the intellectuals of lodge face up little discouragement against speaking authoritatively beyond their field of formal expertise, and thus are unlikely to face up responsibility for the social and practical consequences of their errors. Hence, a physician is judged competent by the effective treatment of the sickness of a patient, even so might face a medical malpractice lawsuit should the treatment harm the patient. In contrast, a tenured academy professor is unlikely to exist judged competent or incompetent by the effectiveness of his or her intellectualism (ideas), and thus not face responsibleness for the social and applied consequences of the implementation of the ideas.

In the book Intellectuals and Society (2009), Sowell said:[13]

By encouraging, or even requiring, students to take stands where they take neither the knowledge nor the intellectual grooming to seriously examine complex issues, teachers promote the expression of unsubstantiated opinions, the venting of uninformed emotions, and the addiction of acting on those opinions and emotions, while ignoring or dismissing opposing views, without having either the intellectual equipment or the personal experience to counterbalance 1 view confronting another in any serious manner.

Hence, school teachers are function of the intelligentsia who recruit children in elementary school and teach them politics—to advocate for or to advocate against public policy—equally part of community-service projects; which political experience later assists them in earning access to a university. In that way, the intellectuals of a social club intervene and participate in social arenas of which they might not possess skilful knowledge, and then unduly influence the formulation and realization of public policy. In the outcome, didactics political advocacy in uncomplicated school encourages students to formulate opinions "without any intellectual preparation or prior knowledge of those problems, making constraints confronting falsity few or non-existent."[14]

In U.k., the anti-intellectualism of the writer Paul Johnson derived from his close exam of twentieth-century history, which revealed to him that intellectuals accept continually championed disastrous public policies for social welfare and public teaching, and warned the layman public to "beware [the] intellectuals. Not merely should they be kept well abroad from the levers of power, they should besides be objects of suspicion when they seek to offering collective advice."[15] In that vein, "In the Land of the Rococo Marxists" (2000), the American writer Tom Wolfe characterized the intellectual as "a person knowledgeable in one field, who speaks out only in others."[16] In 2000, British publisher Imprint Academic published Dumbing Down, a compilation of essays edited by Ivo Mosley, grandson of the British fascist Oswald Mosley, which included essays on a perceived widespread anti-intellectualism by Jaron Lanier, Ravi Shankar, Robert Brustein, Michael Oakshott among others.[17]

17th century [edit]

In The Powring Out of the Seven Vials (1642), the Puritan John Cotton fiber demonized intellectual men and women by saying that "the more learned and witty you bee, the more fit to deed for Satan will yous bee. ... Take off the fond adoring ... upon the learning of the Jesuits, and the glorie of the Episcopacy, and the brave estates of the Prelates. I say bee not deceived by these pompes, empty shewes, and faire representations of goodly condition before the eyes of flesh and blood, bee not taken with the applause of these persons".[18] Still, not every Puritan concurred with Cotton fiber'southward religious contempt for secular education, such as John Harvard who founded the university which now bears his proper name.

In The Quest for Cosmic Justice (2001), the economist Thomas Sowell said that anti-intellectualism in the U.South. began in the early on Colonial era, as an understandable wariness of the educated upper classes, because the land mostly was built by people who had fled political and religious persecution by the social system of the educated upper classes. Moreover, there were few intellectuals who possessed the practical hands-on skills required to survive in the New World of North America, which absence from society led to a deep-rooted, populist suspicion of men and women who specialize in "verbal virtuosity", rather than tangible, measurable products and services:[19]

From its colonial beginnings, American society was a "decapitated" social club—largely defective the tiptop-most social layers of European society. The highest elites and the titled aristocracies had little reason to risk their lives crossing the Atlantic, so confront the perils of pioneering. Most of the white population of colonial America arrived as indentured servants and the blackness population as slaves. Later waves of immigrants were disproportionately peasants and proletarians, even when they came from Western Europe ... The rise of American society to pre-eminence, as an economical, political, and armed services power, was thus the triumph of the mutual man, and a slap across the face to the presumptions of the arrogant, whether an aristocracy of claret or books.

19th century [edit]

In U.S. history, the advocacy and acceptability of anti-intellectualism varied, because in the 19th century most people lived a rural life of transmission labor and agricultural work, therefore, an academic didactics in the Greco–Roman classics, was perceived every bit of impractical value; the bookish human is unprofitable. Notwithstanding, in general, Americans were a literate people who read Shakespeare for intellectual pleasure and the Christian Bible for emotional succor; thus, the ideal American Man was a literate and technically-skilled man who was successful in his trade, ergo a productive member of society.[20] Culturally, the platonic American was the self-made human whose knowledge derived from life-experience, not an intellectual human whose noesis of the real world derived from books, formal pedagogy, and bookish written report; thus, the justified anti-intellectualism reported in The New Purchase, or Vii and a One-half Years in the Far West (1843), the Rev. Bayard R. Hall, A.K., said about borderland Indiana:[18]

We always preferred an ignorant, bad man to a talented one, and, hence, attempts were commonly made to ruin the moral character of a smart candidate; since, unhappily, smartness and wickedness were supposed to exist generally coupled, and [like-wise] incompetence and goodness.

Yet, in the social club of the U.South. the "real-life" redemption of the egghead intellectual was possible if he embraced the mores of mainstream society; thus, in the fiction of O. Henry, a graphic symbol noted that once an E Coast university graduate "gets over" his intellectual vanity—he no longer thinks himself ameliorate than other men—he makes simply every bit expert a cowboy every bit any other swain, despite his mutual-man counterpart existence the slow-witted naïf of good heart, a popular culture stereotype from stage shows.

20th–21st centuries [edit]

There is a cult of ignorance in the U.s., and there has always been. The strain of anti-intellectualism has been a constant thread winding its style through our political and cultural life, nurtured by the false notion that democracy means that "my ignorance is only as good equally your knowledge".

Isaac Asimov, 1980[21]

Political polarization in the U.Southward. has long favored the use of anti-intellectualism by each political political party (disproportionately perpetrated by the Republicans) to undermine the credibility of the other party with the middle class.[22] In 1912, the New Jersey governor, Woodrow Wilson, described the battle:[23]

What I fearfulness is a government of experts. God forbid that, in a democratic country, nosotros should resign the chore and give the government over to experts. What are nosotros for if nosotros are to exist scientifically taken care of by a small number of gentlemen who are the only men who empathise the chore?

In Anti-intellectualism in American Life (1963) the historian Richard Hofstadter said that anti-intellectualism is a social-class response, by the middle-class "mob", confronting the privileges of the political elites.[24] As the middle class developed political ability, they exercised their belief that the ideal candidate to role was the "self-made man", not the well-educated man built-in to wealth. The cocky-made man, from the centre class, could exist trusted to deed in the best interest of his swain citizens.[25] Equally evidence of this view, Hofstadter cited the derision of Adlai Stevenson as an "egghead". In Americans and Chinese: Passages to Differences (1980), Francis Hsu said that American egalitarianism is stronger in the U.South. than in Europe, eastward.g. in England,[26]

English language individualism developed paw in hand with legal equality. American self-reliance, on the other mitt, has been inseparable from an insistence upon economic and social also as political equality. The result is that a qualified individualism, with a qualified equality, has prevailed in England, just what has been considered the inalienable correct of every American is unrestricted self-reliance and, at least ideally, unrestricted equality. The English, therefore, tend to respect class-based distinctions in birth, wealth, condition, manners, and voice communication, while Americans resent them.

Such social resentment characterises contemporary political discussions about the socio-political functions of mass-advice media and science; that is, scientific facts, more often than not accepted past educated people throughout the world, are misrepresented equally opinions in the U.Southward., specifically virtually climate science and global warming.[27]

Miami Academy anthropology professor Homayun Sidky has argued that 21st-century anti-scientific and pseudoscientific approaches to knowledge, particularly in the United States, are rooted in a postmodernist "decades-long academic assault on science:" "Many of those indoctrinated in postmodern anti-science went on to become bourgeois political and religious leaders, policymakers, journalists, periodical editors, judges, lawyers, and members of city councils and school boards. Sadly, they forgot the lofty ideals of their teachers, except that science is artificial."[28]

In the Night of the Long Batons (29 July 1966), the federal police physically purged politically incorrect academics who opposed the right-wing military dictatorship of Juan Carlos Onganía (1966–1970) in Argentine republic from 5 faculties of the University of Buenos Aires.

In 2017, a Pew Enquiry Heart poll revealed that a bulk of American Republicans thought colleges and universities take a negative bear on on the U.s., and in 2019, academics Adam Waters and E.J. Dionne stated that U.S. President Donald Trump "campaigned for the presidency and continues to govern every bit a man who is anti-intellectual, besides equally anti-fact and anti-truth."[29] [xxx] In 2020, Trump signed an executive society banning anti-racism bias trainings from offices of federal agencies, grant programs, and federal contractors [31] [32] equally role of a larger strategy to gainsay a perceived progressive academic bias, similar emphases on the political legacy of American slavery, with "patriotic pedagogy" instead.[33] [34]

Teaching and knowledge [edit]

The U.S. ranks at middling quality of instruction compared to other countries, and Americans often lack basic cognition and skills. Diverse surveys accept constitute, among other things: that 77% of American public school students cannot identify George Washington as the showtime President of the United States; that around 1 in 5 Americans believe that the Sun revolves effectually Earth; and that virtually l% of American high school graduates are unprepared for college-level reading.[35] John Traphagan of the University of Texas attributes this to a civilization of anti-intellectualism, noting that nerds and other intellectuals are often stigmatized in American schools and pop culture.[35] At universities, student anti-intellectualism has resulted in the social acceptability of cheating on schoolwork, especially in the business organization schools, a manifestation of ethically expedient cognitive dissonance rather than of academic disquisitional thinking.[36]

The American Council on Science and Health said that denialism of the facts of climate science and of climatic change misrepresents verifiable data and information as political opinion.[37] Anti-intellectualism puts scientists in the public view and forces them to align with either a liberal or a conservative political stance. Moreover, 53% of Republican U.S. Representatives and 74% of Republican Senators deny the scientific facts of the causes of climatic change.[38]

In the rural U.S., anti-intellectualism is an essential characteristic of the religious culture of Christian fundamentalism.[39] Some Protestant churches and the Roman Cosmic Church have directly published their collective support for political action to counter climate change, whereas Southern Baptists and Evangelicals take denounced belief in both development and climatic change as a sin, and have dismissed scientists as intellectuals attempting to create "Neo-nature paganism".[forty] People of fundamentalist religious belief tend to report not seeing evidence of global warming.[41]

Corporate mass media [edit]

The reportage of corporate mass-communications media appealed to societal anti-intellectualism past misrepresenting university life in the U.Due south., where the students' pursuit of volume learning (intellectualism) was secondary to the afterwards-school social life. That the reactionary credo communicated in mass-media reportage misrepresented the liberal political activism and social protest of students as frivolous, social activities thematically unrelated to the academic curriculum, which is the purpose of attending university.[42] In Anti-intellectualism in American Media (2004), Dane Claussen identified the contemporary anti-intellectualist bent of manufactured consent that is inherent to commodified information:[43] [44]

The effects of mass media on attitudes toward intellect are certainly multiple and cryptic. On the one hand, mass communications profoundly expand the sheer volume of information available for public consumption. On the other mitt, much of this data comes pre-interpreted for easy digestion and laden with subconscious assumption, saving consumers the work of having to interpret it for themselves. Commodified information naturally tends to reflect the assumptions and interests of those who produce it, and its producers are non driven entirely by a passion to promote critical reflection.

The editorial perspective of the corporate mass-media misrepresented intellectualism as a profession that is separate and apart from the jobs and occupations of regular folk. In presenting academically successful students equally social failures, an undesirable social status for the average boyfriend and young woman, corporate media established to the U.South. mainstream their stance that the intellectualism of book-learning is a grade of mental deviancy, thus, most people would shun intellectuals equally friends, lest they risk social ridicule and ostracism.[45] Hence, the pop credence of anti-intellectualism atomic number 82 to populist rejection of the intelligentsia for resolving the problems of guild.[46] Moreover, in the volume Inventing the Egghead: The Boxing over Brainpower in American Culture (2013), Aaron Lecklider indicated that the contemporary ideological dismissal of the intelligentsia derived from the corporate media's reactionary misrepresentations of intellectual men and women equally defective the common-sense of regular folk.[47]

In Europe [edit]

Communism [edit]

In the offset decade after the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Bolsheviks suspected the Tsarist intelligentsia as having the potential to betray the proletariat. Thus, the initial Soviet regime consisted of men and women without much formal education. Moreover, the deposed propertied classes were termed Lishentsy ("the disenfranchised"), whose children were excluded from didactics. Eventually, some 200 Tsarist intellectuals such as writers, philosophers, scientists and engineers were deported to Germany on philosophers' ships in 1922 while others were deported to Latvia and Turkey in 1923.

During the revolutionary menstruation, the pragmatic Bolsheviks employed "bourgeois experts" to manage the economy, manufacture, and agronomics and so learn from them. After the Russian Civil State of war (1917–1922), to accomplish socialism the Soviet Union (1922–91) emphasized literacy and teaching in service to modernizing the land via an educated working class intelligentsia rather than an Ivory Belfry intelligentsia. During the 1930s and 1950s, Joseph Stalin replaced Vladimir Lenin's intelligentsia with an intelligentsia that was loyal to him and believed in a specifically Soviet world view, thereby producing the pseudoscientific theories of Lysenkoism and Japhetic theory.

At the get-go of World State of war Ii, the Soviet hole-and-corner law carried out mass executions of the Polish intelligentsia and military leadership in the 1940 Katyn massacre.

Fascism [edit]

The idealist philosopher Giovanni Gentile established the intellectual basis of Fascist ideology with the autoctisi (self-realisation) that distinguished between the adept (active) intellectual and the bad (passive) intellectual:

Fascism combats [...] not intelligence, only intellectualism, [...] which is [...] a sickness of the intellect, [...] not a consequence of its abuse, because the intellect cannot be used too much. [...] [I]t derives from the false conventionalities that one can segregate oneself from life.

—Giovanni Gentile, addressing a Congress of Fascist Civilisation, Bologna, 30 March 1925

To counter the "passive intellectual" who used his or her intellect abstractly, and was therefore "decadent", he proposed the "concrete thinking" of the active intellectual who applied intellect as praxis—a "man of action", like the Fascist Benito Mussolini, versus the decadent Communist intellectual Antonio Gramsci. The passive intellectual stagnates intellect by objectifying ideas, thus establishing them as objects. Hence the Fascist rejection of materialist logic, because it relies upon a priori principles improperly counter-changed with a posteriori ones that are irrelevant to the matter-in-hand in deciding whether or non to act.

In the praxis of Gentile's concrete thinking criteria, such consideration of the a priori toward the properly a posteriori constitutes impractical, decadent intellectualism. Moreover, this fascist philosophy occurred parallel to Actual Idealism, his philosophic system; he opposed intellectualism for its being asunder from the active intelligence that gets things done, i.eastward. idea is killed when its elective parts are labelled, and thus rendered as detached entities.[48] [49]

Related to this, is the confrontation between the Spanish franquist General, Millán Astray, and the writer Miguel de Unamuno during the Dia de la Raza celebration at the University of Salamanca, in 1936, during the Spanish Civil War. The General exclaimed: ¡Muera la inteligencia! ¡Viva la Muerte! ("Death to the intelligentsia! Long alive decease!"); the Falangists applauded.[l]

In Asia [edit]

China [edit]

Imperial Cathay [edit]

Qin Shi Huang (246–210 BC), the start Emperor of unified China, consolidated political idea, and ability, by suppressing freedom of speech at the suggestion of Chancellor Li Si, who justified such anti-intellectualism by accusing the intelligentsia of falsely praising the emperor, and dissenting through libel. From 213 to 206 BC, it was generally thought that the works of the Hundred Schools of Thought were incinerated, specially the Shi Jing (Classic of Poesy, c. yard BC) and the Shujing (Archetype of History, c. 6th century BC). The exceptions were books by Qin historians, and books of Legalism, an early type of totalitarianism—and the Chancellor'due south philosophic school (see the Called-for of books and burial of scholars). Yet, upon further inspection of Chinese historical annals such equally the Shi Ji and the Han Shu, this was found not to be the case. The Qin Empire privately kept one copy of each of these books in the Royal Library but information technology publicly ordered that the books should be banned. Those who endemic copies were ordered to surrender the books to be burned; those who refused were executed. This somewhen led to the loss of virtually ancient works of literature and philosophy when Xiang Yu burned downwards the Qin palace in 208 BC.

People'southward Democracy of Prc [edit]

The Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) was a politically violent decade which saw wide-ranging social engineering throughout the People'south Commonwealth of China by its leader Chairman Mao Zedong. After several national policy crises during which he was motivated by his desire to regain public prestige and control of the Chinese government, Mao announced on 16 May 1966 that the Chinese Communist Political party (CCP) and Chinese society were permeated with liberal conservative elements who meant to restore capitalism to China and he as well announced that people could only be removed later on a post–revolutionary form struggle was waged against them. To that event, China's youth nationally organized themselves into Blood-red Guards and hunted the "liberal bourgeois" elements who were supposedly subverting the CCP and Chinese society. The Scarlet Guards acted nationally, purging the country, the armed services, urban workers and the leaders of the CCP. The Ruddy Guards were particularly ambitious when they attacked their teachers and professors, causing most schools and universities to be shut downwardly one time the Cultural Revolution began. Three years later in 1969, Mao declared that the Cultural Revolution was concluded, withal the political intrigues continued until 1976, concluding with the arrest of the Gang of Four, the de facto end of the Cultural Revolution.

Democratic Kampuchea [edit]

When the Communist Party of Kampuchea and the Khmer Rouge (1951–1981) established their regime as Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979) in Kingdom of cambodia, their anti-intellectualism which idealised the country and demonised the cities was immediately imposed on the land in club to constitute agrarian socialism, thus, they emptied cities in society to purge the Central khmer nation of every traitor, enemy of the state and intellectual, often symbolised past eyeglasses.

Ottoman Empire [edit]

Some of the Armenian intellectuals who were detained, deported, and killed in the Armenian genocide of 1915

In the early stages of the Armenian genocide of 1915, effectually ii,300 Armenian intellectuals were deported from Constantinople (Istanbul) and most of them were subsequently murdered by the Ottoman regime.[51] The event has been described by historians equally a decapitation strike,[52] [53] the purpose of which was intended to deprive the Armenian population of an intellectual leadership and a risk to resist.[54]

Encounter also [edit]

  • Anti-elitism
  • Culling facts – Expression associated with political misinformation established in 2017
  • Cosmos scientific discipline – Pseudoscientific form of Immature Earth creationism
  • Anarcho-primitivism – Anarchist critique of civilization
  • Antiscience – Attitudes that reject scientific discipline and the scientific method
  • Neo-Luddism, also known equally Anti-technology – Philosophy opposing modern engineering science
  • Authoritarianism – Class of social organization characterized by submission to authority
  • Conspiracy theory – Explanation that invokes a conspiracy
  • Counter-Enlightenment – Various intellectual stances against mainstream attitudes of the 18th-century Enlightenment
  • Dumbing down – Deliberate oversimplification of intellectual content
  • Epistemological nihilism – Philosophy antithetical to concepts of meaningfulness
  • Noble vicious – Stock grapheme; idealized indigene or otherwise wild outsider with noble characteristics
  • Oblomovism
  • Obscurantism – Practice of obscuring data
  • Philistinism – Person whose anti-intellectual social attitude undervalues and despises art and beauty, spirituality and intellect
  • Poshlost – Russian discussion for a particular negative human character trait or man-made thing or idea
  • Relativism – Philosophical view rejecting universalism, due east.g. about truth

Footnotes [edit]

  1. ^ a b A Handbook to Literature (1980), 4th Edition, C. Hugh Holman, Ed. p. 27
  2. ^ Courtois, Stephanie. The Black Book of Communism. p. 601.
  3. ^ Dictionary of Wars (2007), Tertiary Edition, pp. 517–eighteen.
  4. ^ "Yr Zero: The Silent Death of Cambodia".
  5. ^ "Václav Havel".
  6. ^ Police repression at the Universidad de Buenos Aires - University of Toronto
  7. ^ (in Spanish) La noche de los bastones largos Archived May 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ John R. Searle (1971), The Campus Wars, Chapter ii: The Students, URL retrieved 14 June 2010.
  9. ^ Stanislav Andreski, The Social Sciences as Sorcery. 1972, The University of California Press
  10. ^ Larry Laudan, Scientific discipline and Relativism: Some Fundamental Controversies in the Philosophy of Scientific discipline (1990), University of Chicago Press
  11. ^ Barker, David C.; Detamble, Ryan; Marietta, Morgan (2021). "Intellectualism, Anti-Intellectualism, and Epistemic Hubris in Red and Blue America". American Political Science Review: i–xvi. doi:10.1017/S0003055421000988. ISSN 0003-0554.
  12. ^ "Black and Conservative: A Wait at Thomas Sowell". 2011-08-08.
  13. ^ Sowell, Thomas (2009). Intellectuals and Society. Basic Books. ISBN978-0465019489 . Retrieved xvi Nov 2013. [ pages needed ]
  14. ^ Sowell (2009), p. 296.
  15. ^ Johnson, Paul (2009). Intellectuals. HarperCollins. ISBN978-0061871474 . Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  16. ^ Wolfe, Tom. (2000). "In the State of the Rococo Marxists", Harper'southward Monthly, June 2000.
  17. ^ Coupe, Lawrence (27 November 2000). "The Moronic Inferno". PN Review 136. Vol. 27.
  18. ^ a b Hofstadter, Richard Anti-intellectualism in American Life (1962), p. 46.
  19. ^ Sowell, Thomas. (2001) The Quest for Cosmic Justice. Simon and Schuster, 2001, ISBN 978-0-7432-1507-vii, p. 187.
  20. ^ Vinovskis, Maris (1992). "Schooling and Poor Children in 19th-Century America" (PDF). American Behavioral Scientist. 35 (3): 313–331. doi:x.1177/0002764292035003008. hdl:2027.42/68138. S2CID 9269525.
  21. ^ Pyle, George (half dozen April 2020). "George Pyle: It tin be hard to know who to trust. And like shooting fish in a barrel to know who not to". The Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on thirteen April 2020.
  22. ^ "vii Things to Know about Polarization in America". Pew Research Center. 2014-06-12. Retrieved 2017-03-01 .
  23. ^ Cronin, Thomas E. (2015-12-03). On the Presidency: Teacher, Soldier, Shaman, Pol. Routledge. ISBN978-1-317-25502-four.
  24. ^ Hofstadter, Richard (1963). Anti-Intellectualism in American Life. United states of America: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN978-0394415352.
  25. ^ Forest, Gordon (2011). Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Democracy, 1789–1815. Oxford Academy Press. ISBN978-0199832460.
  26. ^ Hsu, Francis (1980). Americans and Chinese: Passages to Differences. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN978-0824807573.
  27. ^ Stokes, Bruce; Wike, Richard; Carle, Jill (2015-11-05). "Global Concern almost Climate Alter, Broad Support for Limiting Emissions". Pew Research Eye's Global Attitudes Project . Retrieved 2017-03-01 .
  28. ^ Sidky, H. (2018). "The War on Science, Anti-Intellectualism, and 'Alternative Ways of Knowing' in 21st-Century America". Skeptical Inquirer. 42 (2): 38–43. Archived from the original on 2018-06-06. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  29. ^ "America hits peak anti-intellectualism: Majority of Republicans now retrieve college is bad". Salon. 2017-07-xi. Retrieved 2019-09-18 .
  30. ^ "Is Anti-Intellectualism Always Good for Democracy?". Dissent. Winter 2019. Retrieved 2019-09-18 .
  31. ^ Rummler, Jacob Knutson,Orion. "Trump pushes to expand ban against anti-racism training to federal contractors". Axios . Retrieved 2020-09-25 .
  32. ^ "LDF Bug Argument in Response to President Trump's Executive Order". NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund . Retrieved 2020-09-25 .
  33. ^ "Trump Announces 'Patriotic Education' Commission, A Largely Political Move". NPR.org . Retrieved 2020-09-25 .
  34. ^ "Trump pushes for 'patriotic pedagogy' in schools". NBC4 WCMH-TV. 2020-09-02. Retrieved 2020-09-25 .
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Further reading [edit]

  • Dane S. Claussen (2004). Anti-Intellectualism in American Media. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. ISBN978-0820457215.
  • Liza Featherstone, Doug Henwood, and Christian Parenti, "'Action Will exist Taken': Left Anti-Intellectualism and its Discontents," Left Business Observer.
  • William Hinton, Hundred Solar day War: The Cultural Revolution at Tsinghua University. New York: New York Academy Press, 1972.
  • Richard Hofstadter, Anti-intellectualism in American Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1963.
  • Susan Jacoby, The Age of American Unreason. New York: Pantheon Books, 2008.
  • Aaron Lecklider (2013). Inventing the Egghead: The Battle over Brainpower in American Civilisation. Philadelphia: Academy of Pennsylvania Printing. ISBN978-0-8122-4486-1.
  • Elvin T. Lim (2008). The Anti-Intellectual Presidency: The Decline of Presidential Rhetoric from George Washington to George W. Bush . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0199898091.
  • "Anti-Intellectualism and the "Dumbing Downward" of America". psychology today. 2014. There is a growing and agonizing trend of anti-intellectual elitism in American culture. It's the dismissal of science, the arts, and humanities and their replacement by entertainment, self-righteousness, ignorance, and deliberate gullibility.

External links [edit]

  • Media related to Anti-intellectualism at Wikimedia Commons

barnesacyll1993.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-intellectualism

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